New princes face the greatest challenges requiring virtù to establish and maintain rule

Hereditary rulers have easier task since custom and tradition support their authority

Cruelty is well-used when done once for security not continued for its own sake

The people matter because their hostility makes rule impossible while their support provides security

Nobles are dangerous because they see themselves as equals and may conspire against the prince

Borgia showed virtù in acquiring and consolidating power though fortuna ultimately defeated him